miercuri, 26 mai 2010

Articolul ( limba engleza )

Articolul este partea de vorbire care individualizează obiecte si fenomene îndeplinind functia de determinant. Este considerat „determinantul propriu-zis", pentru că el nu poale fi o parte de vorbire independentă, el contribuie doar la determinarea unică sau individuală a substantivului pe care îl însoteste.
Aproape fiecare substantiv dintr-o propozitie engleză este însotit de un articol, iar felul articolului folosit este departe de a coincide întotdeauna cu acela din limba română.
Articolul este redat prin:
a) articolul hotărât the;
b) articolul nehotărât a sau an;
e) articolul zero sau neexprimat.
Articolul are pozitie fixă: înaintea substantivului.

Articolul hotărât (the)

- se pronuntă [ðĕ ] înaintea consoanelor: the look, the pupil, the window...
- se pronuntă [ði ] înaintea vocalelor sau semivocalelor:
the eye, the artist, the honour...
- pronuntarea [ði ] este , de asemenea, folosită pentru subliniere :
„The” is an article. „The" este articol.
Articolul hotărât se utilizează cu substantive numărabile (au formă atât la singular, cât si la plural) pentru a indica un anumit obiect, clar individualizat:
The box is on the floor. Cutia se află pe jos.
The bates art on the floor. Cutiile se află pe jos.
The student is learning English. Studentul învată englezeste.
The boys were running fast. Băetii alergau repede.
The apare după prepozitii:
- in the library (în bibliotecă)
- on the table (pe rnasă)
- to the museum (la/spre muzeu)
În mod obligaoriu folosim articolul hotărât cu:
• substantive nume proprii de ape, munti,dealuri, oceane, mări, lacuri, insule, golfuri, canale:
-the Danube (Dunărea), the Thames (Tamisa),
-the Carpathians (CarpaŃii), the Alps (Alpii),
-the Atlantic (Oceanul Atlantic), the Black Sea (Marea Neagră),
-the Shetlands (insulele Shetland), the Gulf of Mexico (Golful Mexic),
-the English Channel (Canalul Mânecii).
• substantive compuse:
nume de tări:
-the United States (Statele Unite),
-the United Kingdom (Regatul Unit)
-nume de institutii oficiale:
-the White House (Casa Albă)
-the Kremlin (Kremlin)
-the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Ministerul de Externe)
-the British Museum (Muzeul Britanic)
* substantive care denumesc obiecte din univers, astrologie etc.:
-the sun (Soarele), the moon (Luna), the sky (cerul),
-tile world (Lumea), the earth (pamantul)
*nume de vase, ambarcatiuni:
the Titanic, the Christina
*nume de evenimente istorice :
-the First World War (Primul Război Mondial),
-the Gulf  War (Războiul din Golf),
-the Plague (Ciuma)
*nume de ziare:
The Times, The Morning Star
constructii genitivale cu of:
-the streets of the town (străzile orasului)
-the waves of the sea (valurile mării)
*cu substantive urmate de o propozitie care răspunde la întrebările: care?, ce fel de?:
The man who is speaking is my brother;Bărbatul care vorbeste este fratele meu.
This is the house which I live in.Aceasta este casa în care locuiesc.
-the transformă adjective în substantive:
-beautiful (adj. – frumos)/the beautiful (subst. – frumosul).
*denumeste clase, grupuri, persoane de acelasi fel:
-the rich (bogaŃii), the poor (săracii)
-the blind (orbii), the sick (bolnavii)
-the English (englezii), the French (francezii)
-the Romanians (românii)
*ajută la formarea superlativului relativ:
-the best (cel mai bun)
-the earliest ( cel mai timpuriu, primul)
*ajută la formarea adjectivelor si numeralelor ordinale:
-the second (cel de) al doilea
-the fifty-sixth (cel de) al cincizeci si saselea
*în expresii:
-for the time being (deocamdată, pentru moment)
-in the long run (până la urmă)
-on the whole (în general)
-at the beginning (la început)
-in the end (la sfârsit)
-by the way (apropo)
-in thet seventh heaven (în al nouălea cer)
-on the rocks (pe geantă (familiar))
-the day after tomorrow (poimâine)
Notă: De regulă, numele de persoane nu primesc articol. Dar când apare un nume de familie la plural, numele capătă sensul de „familia...",
-the Browns (familia Brown)
-the Kramm (familia Kramer)
-the Danes (danezii (popor))
-the Poles (polonezii (popor))

 Articolul nehotărât (a/an)

a – cu substantive care încep cu o consoană:
-a box, a child, a magazine
-an – cu substantive care încep cu o vocală:an egg, an idea, an actor
Notă: Se utilizează cu substantive la singular! Presupune ideea de număr.
- poate întocui numeralul one:
-a hundred (one hundred) – una sută
-a map (one map) and two paintings – o hartă si două tablouri
- se foloseste cu substantive care se pot număra (countables):a man (un om) an idea (o idee)
- se foloseste obligatoriu cu:denumiri de meserii, profesii, nationalitati:
-Mr. Brown is a teacher. Dl. Brown este profesor.
My sister became a doctor. Sora mea a devenit medic.
He is an Englishman. El este englez.
- numerale, pentru a indica o cifră aproximativă:
(about) a thousand people (aproximativ) o mie de persoane)
- pronumele little (putin) si few (putine), cărora le oonferă un plus de cantitate:
I have little time. Am putin timp – deloc.
- se foloseste cu denumiri de măsuri (timp, distantă, cantitate):
I have a little time. Am putin timp – destul.
once a day (o dată pe zi), twice a week (de două ori pe săptămână),
three miles an hour (trei mile pe oră)
- se foloseste în expresii:
to have a mind to (a avea chef de)
to take a fancy to (a îndrăgi)
once in a blue moon (din an în Paste)
to keep an eye on (a nu stăbi din ochi)
all of a sudden (brusc)
Atentie! Articolul nehotărât nu se foloseste cu substantive nenumărabile:
I bought an iron yesterday. Am cumpărat un fier de călcat ieri.
dar: This fence is made of iron. Acest gard este din fier.

Articolul zero

Desemnează lipsa articolului. Se foloseste:
-cu substantive la plural (indică obiectele oarecare în general):
Clothes do not make the man. Nu haina face pe om.
Books aire on the table. Pe masă se află cărti.
I like milk, coffee, music. Thtatre, games.Îmi plac laptele. cafeaua, muzica. teatrul, jocurile.
-În proverbe si limbaj stiintific:
Haste makes waste. Graba strică treaba.
Light travels faster than sound.Lumina se deplasează mai repede decât sunetul.
-obligatoriu:
-cu substantive ce denumese zilele săptămânii, lunile anului, anotimpurile:
I'll meet you on Monday. Ne întâlnim luni.
He left in May and returned in March. A plecat în mai si s-a întors în martie.
I like spring. Îmi place primăvara.
-cu denumiri de continente, tări, provincii, comitate; orase (exceptie: the Hague (Haga). singurul oras cu articol), clădiri, străzi, poduri:
Last year we visited Italy and France. Anul trecut, am vizitat ltalia si Franta.
The United Kingdom is made up of Scotland, England, Wales and Nonhern Ireland. Regatul Unit este format din ScoŃia, Anglia, łara Galilor si Irlanda de Nord.
I live in Bucharest. Locuiesc în Bucuresti.
We visited Bran Castle. Am vizitat castelul Bran.
Our house is on Oxford Street. Casa noastră se află pe strada Oxford.
We went for a walk on London Bridge. Am făcut o plimbare pe Podul Londrei.
-cu substantive nume de materie:
Oil is lighter than water. Untdelemnul este mai usor decât apa.
- cu denumirile limbilor:
I learn English. Învăt engleza.

-substantive abstracte care nu au formă de plural:

Some people believe in love at first sight. Unii oameni cred în dragoste la prima vedere.
- în expresii:
at random (la întâmplare)
in time (la timp)
for good (pentru totdeauna)
hand in hand (mână în mână)
at dawn (în zori)
bag and baggage (cu cătel si cu purcel)
by ear (după ureche)
side by side (unul lângă altul)
by mistake (din greseală)
Notă: Articolul zero îndeplinestc functii precise, iar înlocuirea lui poate atrage după sine fie schimbări de înteles, fie pur si simplu grese1i de exprimare.
Cazuri când omitem articolul (situatii care nu produc modificări de sens):
- în vorbirea familiară: (A) Friend of mine told me about it. Un prieten de-al meu mi-a spus despre asta.
- în limbajul jurnalistic: Employees have to obey safety regulation. Angajatii trebuie să respecte regulile de protectie a muncii.
- în indicatii scenice: (The) Old woman goes to the settee (on the) right.Bătrâna se îndreaptă spre canapeaua din dreapta (scenei).

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